By Yadava, Yogendra P; Pokharel, Madhav P; Prasain, Balaram; Watters, David E., 1944
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Extra info for Notes on Kusunda grammar : (a language isolate of Nepal)
Example text
Kæaidzi] [kæaÚ u] [kæ˙≥gu] [nikæe-d-i] ~ ~ ~ ~ [xaidzi] [xaÚ u] / [≈aÚ u] [x˙≥gu] [nixe-d-i] ‘food’ ‘is not’ ‘cold (of food)’ ‘I laughed’ • Consonant [≥] as a “coalesced” consonant. In rapid speech, the sound [≥] sometimes arises as a coalescence of anti-causative ‘q’ plus syllabic ‘n,’ which marks realis, as in: (66) a. h˙ra-q-ßn open-AC-REAL > h˙ra-≥ > open-AC:REAL ‘open’ (participle) b. gya-q-ßn collapse-AC-REAL > gya-≥ > collapse-AC:REAL ‘collapsed’ (participle) • Aspiration. We have twelve examples of [kæ], at least three of which have a Nepali source, and one of which has a Kham or Magar source: (67) a.
F. g. ye≥gu yaq p˙yet wa≥ li≥wa witæu p˙wi ‘stone’ ‘snow, hail’ ‘leech’ ‘firefly’ ‘heavy’ ‘slippery’ ‘bamboo’ 43 5. Word classes The major word classes, noun, verb, and adjective are well represented in Kusunda. We will deal with them one at a time in this section with a separate sub-section for pronouns. We will also look at some minor word classes, like adverbs, numerals, and question words. We were unable to determine the extent to which Kusunda makes use of “ideophones” or “rhyming couplets” for modifying verbs.
13 41 Watters: Kusunda Grammar; Phonology ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– (75) INTRANSITIVE: a. ’ CAUSATIVE: b. ’ INTRANSITIVE: a. ’ CAUSATIVE: b. ’ It should also be noted that in the three examples of / / above, all are accompanied by pharyngealization on the preceding vowel, indicating that we are dealing with [ ], not [q]. • [G] and semivowels. Where [ ] occurs intervocalically between [a] and [o], or between two [o]s, an approximate like sound [w] surfaces between the vowels, and /o/ is lowered to [ø], as in (see also (69b)): (78) a.
Notes on Kusunda grammar : (a language isolate of Nepal) by Yadava, Yogendra P; Pokharel, Madhav P; Prasain, Balaram; Watters, David E., 1944
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