By Paula Richman
ISBN-10: 0253000157
ISBN-13: 9780253000156
ISBN-10: 0253219531
ISBN-13: 9780253219534
While a few spiritual texts might stay static over the years, the Ramayana epic has been retold in quite a few methods over the centuries and throughout South Asia. a few of the narrative's so much probing and leading edge retellings have seemed in print in the final a hundred years within the sector of South India. This assortment brings jointly, for the 1st time, smooth retellings translated from the 4 significant South Indian languages and from genres as assorted as drama, brief tales, poetry, and people track. the decisions specialize in characters often noticeable as stigmatized or marginalized, and on topics mostly ignored in prior scholarship. Editor Paula Richman demonstrates that twentieth-century authors have used retellings of the Ramayana to query caste and gender inequality in provocative methods. This enticing anthology contains translations of twenty-two basic texts in addition to interpretive essays that supply historical past and frameworks for figuring out the stories.
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Extra info for Ramayana Stories in Modern South India: An Anthology
Example text
23 Even if a folk telling includes a fixed text, fluid elements can shape the reception of Ramkatha, as a bi-lingual play from Palghat, Kerala, shows. In this shadow-puppet drama, performers recite selected Tamil verses from Iramavataram by Kamban but supplement them with improvised stories and commentary in colloquial Malayalam. For example, one performance features a darkly comic interchange between Ravana’s son, Indrajit, and his standard-bearer. Indrajit learns that although he has felled many valiant warriors, the standardbearer must stab them afterward with his staff ’s tip to ensure that each one ac- 12 Introduction tually dies.
When he cursed the hunter, his curse emerged in a perfect metrical form called the shloka, in which Valmiki proceeded to write his Ramayana. So it is said the shloka originated from Valmiki’s shoka, “sorrow” about the separation of lovers. By creating the first kavya (ornate poetic composition) in Sanskrit literature, Valmiki earned the sobriquet adi-kavi (first poet). 14 Classifying Ramayanas The “bare-bones” rendering of Ramkatha’s plot above does scant justice to the complex and nuanced ways in which the story has been told over the centuries.
19 Not all Sanskrit tellings of Ramkatha reiterate the gender and caste ideologies present in Valmiki’s Ramayana. In Bhavabhuti’s eighth-century Sanskrit play Uttararamacharita (The Later Deeds of Rama), for example, Rama accuses himself of unjustifiable cruelty to Sita and rues the fact that, because a king is duty-bound to uphold the social order, he had to execute Shambuka, despite his admiration for him. In fact, some modern writers refer to the ethical questions that Bhavabhuti raises about Rama’s treatment of Sita and Shambuka as a precedent for their own critique of Rama.
Ramayana Stories in Modern South India: An Anthology by Paula Richman
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