By Christopher Chapple (auth.), Karl-Erik Andersson, Martin C. Michel (eds.)
ISBN-10: 3642164986
ISBN-13: 9783642164989
The uncomplicated anatomy and body structure of the urinary tract, the validity of animal types and different methodological concerns in addition to a variety of capability healing objectives are comprehensively reviewed by way of best foreign specialists, making this a special reference resource for uncomplicated scientists and research-minded clinicians alike
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The findings they generate may drive medical advances and understanding, but the information gained must be interpreted within the limitations of the model. The validation required will depend on how closely the model reproduces a disease or condition (Table 2). A homologous model is one in which the animal replicates the symptoms, aetiology and natural history of the human condition (Hau 2008). Isomorphic models resemble the human phenotype, but the underlying mechanism in the animal is different from the clinical setting (Hau 2008).
This suggests changes in lower urinary tract function and is supported by the reduction in bladder capacity and induction of detrusor contractions seen in rats given intravesical nitric oxide scavengers or nitric oxide synthase inhibitors (Pandita et al. 2000; Masuda et al. 2007). Certain phosphodiesterases, through their effects on the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway, are relevant to the lower urinary tract and may have clinical applicability (Andersson et al. 2007; Truss et al.
The resulting effects are thought to be due to up-regulation and stimulation of nociceptive afferent C-fibres within the bladder wall (Fowler 2002). This leads to increased sensory activity, which is a mechanism that has been proposed as a potential cause of urgency. A. J. Drake Although these models have been used to try and elucidate the mechanisms leading to the development of storage symptoms, they are not a true model for OAB as symptoms arise by the entirely unrelated process of acute reactive inflammation.
Urinary Tract by Christopher Chapple (auth.), Karl-Erik Andersson, Martin C. Michel (eds.)
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