By Maggie Tallerman
ISBN-10: 1444119281
ISBN-13: 9781444119282
This can be an advent to the most different types, buildings, terminology and difficulties linked to syntax, offering a foundation from which scholars can continue to extra complicated paintings. conceal; e-book identify; Contents; Acknowledgements; Acknowledgements to the 1st version; A notice to the trainer: alterations to the second one version; observe to the reader; checklist of abbreviations utilized in examples; 1 what's syntax?; 2 phrases belong to diverse sessions; three taking a look inside of sentences; four Head phrases and words; five How can we determine constituents?; 6 Relationships in the clause; 7 procedures that modify grammatical kin; eight Wh-constructions: questions and relative clauses; nine end; assets of knowledge utilized in examples; word list; References; Language index; topic index
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Additional info for Understanding syntax
Sample text
Very often, a word can belong to more than one word class. For example, the verb escape can fit into the slot in (1), but there's also a noun escape as in The escape went badly. There's a noun official, as in Some officials are corrupt, but there's also an adjective official, as in our (un)official policy. How do we determine the word class in these cases? Discovering the DISTRIBUTION of each word is one method: to do this, we find gaps that can only be filled by members of one particular word class.
We can tell that the words dog and eyes in (11) really are verbs by substituting more typical verbs: (12) a. Revived ferry sale fears disturb/jeopardize/irritate islanders. b. Treasury considers/postpones/denies wider prescription charges. How effective would the headlines be if we changed them as follows? (13) a. Revived ferry sale fears dogged the islanders, b. Treasury to eye wider prescription charges. ) obvious that dogged and to eye are verbs. You don't have to know the meaning of Verb' to pick up the various clues to word class that (13) contains - as a speaker of English, you use these clues subconsciously all the time.
Syntactic evidence to distinguish word classes typically is available, however. In (13a), the verb dogged is followed by the phrase the islanders; and in (13b) the verb eye is followed by the phrase wider prescription charges. In fact, these phrases (or ones like them) have to be present, or else the sentences will be ungrammatical (check this for yourself). Here, then, is another distribution test for verbs: verbs which are members of the sub-class of TRANSITIVE verbs must be accompanied by a NOUN PHRASE like the islanders or wider prescription charges.
Understanding syntax by Maggie Tallerman
by Mark
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